Trade Mark

1.      What is a trade mark?

A trade mark (popularly known as brand name) in laymans language is a visual symbol which may be a  word signature, name, device, label, numerals or  combination of colours used by one undertaking on goods or services or other articles of commerce to distinguish it from other similar goods or services originating from a different undertaking.

The legal requirements to register a trade mark under the Act are:   

     The selected mark should be capable of being represented graphically (that is in the paper form).

     It should be capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of others.

     It should be used or proposed to be used mark in relation to goods or services for the purpose of indicating or so as to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods or services and some person have the right to use the mark with or without identity of that person.

2.How to select a trade mark?                                                 

        If it is a word it should be easy to speak, spell and remember.

        The best trade marks are invented words or coined words.

        Please avoid selection of a geographical name. No one can have monopoly right on it.

        Avoid adopting laudatory word or words that describe the quality of goods (such as best, perfect, super etc)

        It is advisable to conduct a market survey to ascertain if same/similar mark is used in market.

3. What is the function of a trade mark?

Under modern business condition a trade mark performs four functions

      It identifies the goods / or services and its origin.

      It guarantees its unchanged quality

      It advertises the goods/services

      It creates an image for the goods/ services.

4.Who can apply for a trade mark and how ?

Any person claiming to be the proprietor of a trade mark used or proposed to be used by him may apply in writing in prescribed manner for registration.  The application should contain the trade mark, the goods/services, name and address of applicant and agent (if any) with power of attorney, period of use of the mark and signature.  The application should be in English or Hindi.  It should be filed   at the appropriate office.

5. How to apply for a trade mark in respect of particular goods or services?

 It is provided under the Trade Marks Act, 1999 that goods and services are classified according to the International Classification of goods and services. Currently schedule IV of the Act provides a summary of list of such goods and services falling in different classes which is merely indicative. The Registrar is the final authority in the determination of the class in which particular goods or services fall.    The Schedule IV of the Act is annexed at the end of this questionnaire on trade marks.  For detailed description of other goods and services please refer to the International Classification published by WIPO or contact the local office for assistance.

6.What are different types of trade marks available for adoption?

-                      Any name (including personal or surname of the applicant or predecessor in business or the signature of the person), which is not unusual for trade to adopt as a mark.

                    An invented word or any arbitrary dictionary word or words, not being directly descriptive of the character or quality of the goods/service.Letters or numerals or any combination thereof.

                      The right to proprietorship of a trade mark may be acquired by either registration under the Act or by use in relation to particular goods or service.Devices, including fancy devices or symbols Monograms Combination of colors or even a single color in combination with a word or device Shape of goods or their packaging Marks constituting a 3- dimensional sign.

                      Sound marks when represented in conventional notation or described in words by being graphically represented.

7. What purpose the trade mark system serves ? 

      It identifies the actual physical origin of goods and services. The  brand itself is the seal of authenticity.

      It guarantees the identity of the origin of goods and services.

      It stimulates further purchase.

      It serves as a badge of loyalty and affiliation.

     It may enable consumer to make a life style or fashion statement.

8.Who benefits from a trade mark?

The Regd.Proprietor: The Regd.Proprietor of a trade mark can stop other traders from unlawfully using his trade mark, sue for damages and secure destruction of infringing goods and or labels.

The Government:  The Trade Marks Registry is expected to earn a revenue of nearly Rs.40 crores during the current  year and which is perpetually on the rise.

The Legal professionals: The Trade Marks Registration system is driven by professionals and legal and para legal advisors(Agents) who act for the clients in the processing of the trade marks application.

The Purchaser and ultimately Consumers of trade marks goods and services.

KARNATAKA RECORD OF RIGHTS

What is Pahani(RTC) ?

Pahani(RTC) is a very important revenue records, as it contains details of land such as owners' details,
area, assessment, water rate, soil type, nature of possession of the Land, Liabilities, Tenancy and Crops grown, etc.

Why is Pahani required ? 

Pahani is required for various purposes:
1. To know the genuiness of seller(owner) when land is being purchased.
2. It is required at Sub-Register's office when sale transaction is being done
3. To raise the farm credit / loan from the Bank.
4. Court needs Pahani in case of Civil litigation.
5. For personal purpose."

What does Pahani contain?

Pahani contains valuable data related to piece of Land. It has the following information :
1. Survey Number and Hissa Number of Land.
2. Total Land under the Pahani.
3. Land Revenue details.
4. Land Owner's name with Extents and Khatha Number.
5. The way land is acquired by the owner.
6. Government/Public rights on the Land.
7. Liabilities of the Owners on the Land.
8. Classification of the Soil.
9. Number of Trees.
10. Source of irrigation and area irrigated.
11. Cultivators Details.
12. Utilisation of land under various categories.
13. Details of Crops grown season-wise.
14. Details of Mixed Crops.

How to get the Pahani ?

One can get the signed copy of computerized PAHANI from PAHANI CENTRE, set up at the Tahsildar Office, instantaneously by paying Rs.15.00. If he is unable to come to Taluk office, it can be collected by paying Rs.15.00 to Village Accountant / Revenue Inspector, who inturn will collect computerized PAHANI from PAHANI CENTRE and hand it over.

How is the computerised RTC different from manual RTC ?

There is absolutely no difference in the contents of computerised RTC and manual RTC. However, the computerised RTC is neat and easily readable and understandable as details are printed in the respective Columns.
Further it cannot be tampered easily."


What are the benefits of computerisation to the Public ?
The Public will have lots of benefits from computerisation. The whole process of updation of Land Records will be transparent. The following are the benefits :
a. Farmer can collect his land records related documents from PAHANI CENTRE instantaneously by paying Rs.15.00.
b. Public can request Revenue Department to carry out the mutation on the land as per their transactions and collect the acknowledgement for that.
c. Farmer can come and see the status of 'mutation requested' by him and status of 'mutation-in-process' on his land.
d. At TOUCH SCREEN KIOSK the Public can view the land records documents, status of mutation and various other reports.

What happens if I take manually written RTC in Computerised Taluk ?

Government of Karnataka has issued the order saying that in Computerised taluka, only computer generated RTC's are valid for all legal purposes and that handwritten RTC will not be recognized by Government"

What is Mutation ?

Mutation is a process through which Owner's name or his particulars like liabilities get changed because of some type of transactions. The type of transaction may be one of the following:

1. J-Slip-Sale through registered deed.
2. Inheritance - Change of Ownership because of death of the Owner.
3. Division of Land within the Family.
4. Pledge / Release - Change in liabilities because of loan from bank or
repayment to bank.
5. Court Decree - Based on the Court Order.
6. Alienation - Conversion of land from agricultural to other purposes.
7. Acquisition by Government for Public purpose.
8. Grant of Land by Government to Poor People."

Is there any difference in Land Records Updation Process after Computerisation ?

NO. Updation process of Land Records is same in both Computerised and Manual systems. All the rules of Karnataka Land Revenue Act are followed as it is, in case of Computerised system with some added precautions."


When does the Owner name and his details Change ?

The change in Owner name and his details will take place when one of the following transactions occurs :
a. J-Slip - Sale transaction takes place at SRO.
b. Inheritance - Death of the Owner.
c. Division of Land within Family Members.
d. Court Decree - Order of the court.
e. Grant by the Government.
f. Alienation for non-agricultural purposes.
g. Acquisition by Government.
h. Podi - Division of RTC into 2 or more.
i. Pledge/Release of the Land with / from banks."

How to bring New Owner's name or change the owner's details in the RTC ?

The Owners of the land will change because of purchase transaction, Inheritance, Division, Grant by Government, Court Decree. When one of these takes place, NEW OWNERS should approach the Revenue Department with the required document to incorporate their names. They can request for the same at the PAHANI CENTRE and collect the acknowledgement.
Similarly when loan is taken or repayment is done, to change the liabilities details, Owner can submit the request at the PAHANI CENTRE with required documents."

What is Objection and how to raise it ?

Objection is a complaint about the transaction. That is, if some transaction comes for change of Ownership, to the Revenue Department, before accepting as it is, department serves the notice to the interested parties and puts in the CHAVADI. If anybody feels it is illegal transaction or feels his rights on the land is in trouble, he can raise the Objection. He has to give a written Objection within 30 days from notice served date to Village Accountant / Revenue Inspector / Taluk Office."


When does crop data change in RTC ?"
Crop details will be written on the RTC once or twice in a year, depending upon the seasons. The Crops information will be written by Village Accountant after inspecting the field."

What to do if crops information is wrong in RTC ?

One can lodge a request to change the crop information on the PAHANI at the PAHANI CENTRE / Village Accountant. The same will be changed after " & " verification by Village Accountant / Revenue Inspector."

.IN DOMAIN REGISTRATIONS IN INDIA

.IN DOMAIN REGISTRATIONS IN INDIA

The Ministry of Information Technology, Government of India, with effect from January 1, 2005 has liberalized the policies for registration of country code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs). According to this policy, it will now be possible for the registered trade mark and service mark owners to register their trade / service marks as secondary level domain names along with the top level domain name in India which is .in. It is also possible for the trade mark owners to register domain names with their trade marks at the third level along with the second and top level domain name .co.in. To give an example, it will now be possible to register domain name Yahoo.in and Yahoo.co.in, subject to Yahoo being a registered trade/service mark in India.

In the past, only registrations were permitted with the secondary and top level domains .co.in. These registrations were only granted to companies having an Indian subsidiary. These norms have now been relaxed and even entities not having a presence in India can register these domains.

The Government of India has also announced a Sunshine Period from January 1, 2005 to January 21, 2005, during which period registrations shall be granted only to the registered trade mark owners and not to other parties. After the Sunshine Period, registration shall be opened to the general public.

In order to deter cyber squatters, we highly recommend that clients apply for registration of domain names in relation to all their registered trade marks for the country code Top Level Domains .in and .co.in.

To this effect, our charges will be the same what we charge in relation to new trade mark applications i.e. US$ 210. There shall be an additional charge of US$ 110, which is the amount payable to the accredited Registrar as the official fee for registration and subsistence of the registration for an initial period of 5 years. Should you be interested in registering these domains, please contact us and we shall provide you with more details about the registration process.

What to do before signing the Rental Agreement ?

What to do before signing the Rental Agreement ? 

HOUSE ON RENT

There is a huge demand for homes on rent. There are a few essential things that tenants should be aware of before signing on the dotted line. we helps you with the particulars.


What's included?

It is extremely important to have clarity on the facilities included in the rent. "I agreed to pay a whopping amount of rent assuming that it includes the monthly maintenance and charges for using the club facilities of my high end township. I was in for a shock when I realised that my agreement stated otherwise and there was nothing I could not do much as it was a mistake on my part." laments, Rajdeep Sanghi, a techie staying in Kondapur. Clarity at every step from discussion to the final agreement, it is imperative to track every detail.

Read before you sign

A common mistake we usually make is not to read a contract before we sign. Obtain a copy of any rules and regulations, make sure you go through everything and before you sign the lease, check to see if these are mentioned:

• The beginning and the expiration date

• The rental price and information about your security deposit

• What are the reasons for which your landlord can terminate your lease contract

• Are there any penalties for moving out of your apartment before the expiration date?

• Are there any responsibilities on your head for repairs and such?

• One of the most important things is to check the notice period of written in the agreement and if a lock-in period is mentioned. " Lock in period results in loss of security deposits, so one has to be completely sure of the terms mentioned in the agreement."

Inspect the apartment

The most important thing when you inspect an apartment you plan to lease is not to let the looks deceive you. Look for the "hidden" attributes and if there's any damage ask for it to be repaired otherwise you may be blamed for it later.
Here are a few things to take a closer look at:

• Pipes - be it gas, water or anything else, check for leaks.

• Sink faucets, shower heads and water - make sure water (both cold and hot) really comes out of the faucets and the shower head and it's with a decent pressure. Also the toilet has to flush properly and thoroughly.

• Electricity and appliances should all be working. Check if all the lights or other electric devices are operational.

• Walls and windows. Check the windows to see if they open close and lock properly. Also inspect the walls. The more walls in common (shared with adjoining apartments), the greater the chance of noise from next door.

• Noise. If it's a highly trafficked area you may have problems concentrating and even sleeping.

Know your landlord

It's very important to know some basic information about the landlord. "If it's a management company with thousands of apartments for rent it may be harder to negotiate, but if it's a family and they just need to secure the income each month, you have a green light to close the deal with a small discount" shares Amit. While, renting a house may seem a daunting task, if the essential parameters are kept in mind then shifting to new place can actually be a smooth transition.

Beyond the Blame Game: Can Facebook Be Fixed?

By Laura DiDio
E-Commerce Times
05/26/12 5:00 AM PT

Facebook's most daunting challenge in both the near and long term is how to monetize its existing base of users. The obvious answer is to drive greater advertising revenues. One way to do that is to more closely track and sell user information and preferences. However, that strategy is risky and could backfire.

The honeymoon is over for Facebook (Nasdaq: FB) and Mark Zuckerberg. In fact, it ended before it began.

Facebook's long-awaited and much-hyped IPO is just over a week old, and the blame game is on as the company has lost 16 percent of its value since the initial offering. Wall Street's take on Facebook has gone from jubilant to jaundiced.

The stock ended its first full day of trading a week ago Friday at US$38.23, essentially flat from its $38 opening price. It did manage to set an IPO record for sheer volume -- 567 million shares exchanged hands.

Investors hoped for a turnaround, but it hasn't materialized. On Monday, a selloff prompted the shares to fall by nearly 11 percent, ending at $34.03. The news worsened Tuesday. The stock sank another 8 percent, trading in the $31-$32 range. By the one-week mark, the picture hadn't improved. The stock closed Friday at $31.91.

Investors have been quick to assign blame, and they didn't have far to look. Facebook's lead banking underwriters, Morgan Stanley (MS), JP Morgan (JPM), and Goldman Sachs (GS) all slashed their Facebook earnings forecasts in the middle of the IPO road show, according to Reuters.

The underwriter analysts cut their estimates after Facebook issued an amended IPO prospectus, in which it used vague language to state that the number of users was growing faster than revenue. That was a big red flag. But the worst part of this story is that the sales slippage was only disclosed to a select few underwriters and not the public-at-large, who were eager to cash in on what they thought would be a great deal.

Industry Calls for SEC to Widen Facebook Probe

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is already investigating the opening day glitches that delayed Facebook being traded on the Nasdaq exchange for about an hour. There are calls for the SEC to widen its probe into why there was not a full disclosure about Facebook's lower earnings forecast in advance of the IPO.

The failure to reveal the sales and earnings slowdown helped make Facebook the second largest IPO in U.S. history behind Visa (NYSE: V).

Regardless of any actions by the SEC, the takeaway is this: Zuckerberg and Facebook executives became instant millionaires, but the average investor lost because the company was overvalued.

Can Facebook do anything to reverse its initial slide and avoid a backlash that could cause it to sink even deeper? The company must at least attempt to live up to the hyperbole. As a public company with a very high profile, Facebook is answerable to shareholders and investors.

The slightest fluctuation in the stock price -- or worse yet, a continued downward spiral -- will be analyzed and second guessed as witnessed by the headlines and commentary.

It is imperative for Facebook to quickly find ways to accomplish the following:

• expand its base beyond its current 900-plus million members by attracting new users internationally;
• monetize and productize its services; and
• build a cogent, compelling and cohesive mobility strategy that includes mobile applications.

Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who's firmly in charge with 56 percent ownership, realizes this. That's why he, his executives and engineers engaged in an all-night "hackathon" at Facebook's Menlo Park, Calif., headquarters brainstorming ideas to attract new users and coding software that could potentially enrich the company's coffers.

Investors will be more anxious than ever to see Facebook's short-term tactical and long-term strategic plans to grow the company and swell the ranks of the 900 million current users -- particularly in international markets.

Established competitors like Google (Nasdaq: GOOG) and newcomers like Pinterest will also be keeping a close eye on Facebook's fortunes. Facebook must move quickly and decisively to put the billions it made in its IPO to work immediately before the stock declines further. Zuckerberg must continue to grow the company, develop new products to sustain and expand profitability, and avoid being a flash-in-the-pan.

Facebook's Growth Strategies: Organic and by Acquisition

Growth comes from two avenues: organic, in which companies develop their own applications and products; and by acquisition, in which they purchase expertise and immediate credibility and an entrée into new markets. Facebook must do both.

The global economic climate remains challenging. Many of the top-tier high technology firms, including Google, HP (NYSE: HPQ), IBM (NYSE: IBM) and Oracle (Nasdaq: ORCL), have made large, high-profile acquisitions. Google, for example, spent more than $10 billion purchasing nearly 200 firms since its 2004 IPO -- plus another $12.5 billion for its acquisition of Motorola, a deal it just closed after receiving regulatory approval in China.

Facebook's most notable acquisition to date has been the $1 billion purchase of Instagram, which makes a mobile photo application.

Fixing Facebook

That's a start. The type of company Facebook elects to invest in or purchase is equally important. Mobility is unquestionably one of the most lucrative and hotly contested vertical markets. As a mobile photo application, Instagram has the potential to appeal to both consumer and corporate users. And Instagram is also less likely to fall prey to the fickleness that is so pervasive in gaming applications, which typically have the greatest appeal among young users.

Facebook could conceivably ink a deal with a wireless carrier to charge fees to transfer photos and photo albums on mobile phones and tablets. For Facebook to play successfully in the big leagues and challenge the likes of Google, it will have to make targeted acquisitions in the mobility space that will enhance its current offerings to ensure a continuing, solid revenue stream.

Facebook's most daunting challenge in both the near and long term is how to monetize its existing base of users. The obvious answer is to drive greater advertising revenues. One way to do that is to more closely track and sell user information and preferences. However, that strategy is risky and could backfire.

Recently, U.S. automaker General Motors (NYSE: GM) dealt Facebook a blow when it announced it would withdraw its ads from the social media site. According to GM, it did not realize the hoped-for return on investment from new car sales.

This signals that corporate giants still view Facebook as largely a social media site geared more toward entertainment and games sales. The company also suffered a recent setback on the consumer games front. CrowdStar, one of its biggest developers, said last month it would stop making new consumer games for Facebook. Instead, CrowdStar will now focus on creating mobile games.

Facebook's ads do not yet support mobile advertising, and its click-through rate is "under 0.05 percent, about half the average CTR for banner ads across the Internet, thus earning a grade of B+ compared to Google's A," according to a recent study from WordStream.

WordStream founder and chief technology officers (CTO) Larry Kim was openly critical of Facebook's prospects in an open letter to investors, stating, "So far, Facebook's advertising platform hasn't kept pace with the explosive growth of its social network, and it remains to be seen if CEO Mark Zuckerberg even wants to focus on advertising as a source of revenue."

The study gave Facebook only a "C" grade for targeting ads, noting that it earns "no significant revenue" from its mobile applications used by 425 million people on iPhones and Androids each month.

Facebook must find a way to turn this around. As the majority stakeholder with veto power over minority investors, Zuckerberg must convince Wall Street and the industry-at-large that he and Facebook are more than just a social network aimed primarily at the under 21-crowd.

Several critics focused on Zuckerberg's dressed down appearance and his penchant for wearing a hoodie. The criticisms are not without merit. The late Steve Jobs could proudly sport his "uniform" of black turtlenecks and black jeans, but Jobs and Apple (Nasdaq: AAPL) had a proven track record of success that spanned both the consumer and corporate market segments.

If Zuckerberg expects Facebook to be taken seriously, he'll have to signal his intentions by targeting a larger and more diversified customer base.

In another potential setback for Facebook, game maker Zynga's (Nasdaq: ZNGA) stock price dropped by 5 percent, perhaps impacted by insider selloffs and dwindling numbers of users playing the company's staple online games like "Farmville," "Zynga Poker" and "Draw Something."

There is no doubt that Zynga has been a cash cow for Facebook, which has helped propel its popularity. But the social games market is cyclical, and extremely sensitive to user fads and whims; it is not a reliable source of long-term recurring revenue.

Zynga's fortunes are subject to sharp reversals. This trend is reinforced by less-experienced investors who panic at the first sign of weakness. If one high-technology bellwether stock performs badly on a given day, it will create a domino effect, with investors downgrading the entire market sector.

Zynga could just as easily be back on top next week with a new online social game that catches the public's fancy and helps spur an advertising boom on Facebook, but that's not something Facebook can count on.

Diversification is another element that's pivotal for Facebook's immediate and long-term success. It must have a strong, variegated portfolio of products and partnerships.

Wooing Wall Street and corporate partners, as well as making strategic acquisitions and investments in mobile and business applications, must be top priorities for Facebook. The company will also have to respond satisfactorily to any SEC investigation. Zuckerberg can't move quickly enough. Otherwise, Facebook could crash and burn faster than the Hindenburg and suffer the blowback from angry users.